Vertical seawalls are built in particularly exposed situations. These reflect wave energy and, under storm conditions, standing waves (clapotis) will develop. In some cases piles are placed in front of the wall to lessen wave energy slightly.
This kind of seawalls is rarely used now, another kind of seawalls called Curved seawalls are used instead.
Eg.Vancouver Seawall
Curved seawalls are designed to enable waves to break to dissipate wave energy and to repel waves back to the sea. The curve can also prevent the wave overtopping the wall and provides additional protection for the toe of the wall.
Eg.Torcross UK and Seagrove Bay UK.
Mound-type structures (revertments, riprap) are used in less demanding settings where lower energy erosional processes operate. The least exposed sites involve the lowest-cost bulkheads and revetments of sand bags or geotextiles. These serve to armour the shore and minimise erosion and may be either watertight or porous, which allows water to filter through after the wave energy has been dissipated.
Eg.Central Waterfront, Seattle
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